Method of and machine for measuring bodies



Am. w, w23.

J. J. HEYs METHOD OF' AND MCHIN FORmMEASURING BODIES Filed Aug. 5l, 19162 Sheets-Sheet l W W W Apr. w, 1923. www@ J.J.HEYS

METHOD OF AND MACHINE FOR MEASURING BDIES Filed Aug. 5l, 1916 2Sheets-Sheet 2 M" g MM@ Patented Apr. i7, i923.

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.TOI-IN J. HEYS, OF LYNN, MASSACHUSETTS,

UNITED SHOE MACHINERY CORPORATION RATION 0F NEW JERSEY.

ASSGNOR, BY MESNE ASSIGNMENTS, TO OF PATEREION, NEW JERSEY, A. CORPU-METHOD 0F AND MACHINE FOR ll/IEASURING BODIES.

Application filed August 3.1, 1916.

yl'alljfiug' drawings, is aspecilication, like reti erence characters onthe drawings indicating' likel parts in the several `likcui'es.

This invention relates to methods and inachines for measuring bodies7and in lar :tor measuringl areas ot' inaccas tions of solid bodies. ltis disclosed with particular reference to measuringq areas oft.situations ot' shoe lasts.

There is at present no means tor reliably ascertaining the size andtorni ot a shoe last. The only measurements possible, under presentconditions'` are linear ones. The manufactured lastis Ytested by girthmeasurements taken at several conventional points, and it is obviousthat such measuren ments `Q'ive no definite inforn'iation about the.toot room in the last. When a neu7 u'omens model is ordered by a shoemanui'actuiger, the last maker makes, for example, a pair of 4B lastswith the proper girth measurements, shaping them accordingl to hisjudgment. The `shoe manufacturer makes a pair of shoes on these lasts,sends ttor a model, i. e., a Woman Whom experience has shown to have atypical all toot, and tries the shoes on her. mined. how the Wood in thelasts should be redistributed in order to malte a good-look ingr andproperly fitting, comfortable shoe. filter perhaps several such trialsthe crosssectional areas ot' the lasts are properly adjusted (the girthsprobably having' been maintained unchanged trom the beginning), and theentire seto'l. lasts is then developed.

rlibe practice is obviously expensive and unreliable and it is animportant object ot my invention to avoid these and others ot itsdisadvantages by providing ttor ascertaining' with rigorous accuracy thecrosssectional shape and area ot' a last, or it'oot, or other body, andascertaining with correspondingexactness any discrepancies between itand a body with which it to correspond.

llereto'lore, various types ot' ineiri'atin'f-i have been ei'nployed tomeasure space char It is then deterv Serial No. 117,910.

acteristics oi plane ligures4 by moving the tracingpolnt or' theinstrument along' the boundary line of the plane ligure until thetracing' point has passed entirely around the .ligure back to thestartingT position. Duringjr this operation anarm carrying the tracingrpoint moves l'or part ot' its travel over or above the area of the planeligure being measured. `This is not practical When the sectional areaot' a solid kbody is to be meas ured, because the arm ot the integratorWould strike the body and `prevent movement ot' the tracing pointthrough its complete circuit of the body.

l contemplate broadly the measurement o'l space or torm features orcharacteristics oi.' solid bodies by traversing the external oraccessible parts of 4such features with the tracing mechanism `of anintegrator and v,

causing` the recording mechanism of the integrator to include in itsrecord, in addition, the result ot a traverse of the internal oraccessible parts oli' the 'features by the tracingI mechanism. Inanother aspect, l contemplate the effecting of mechanical inte-,Q'ration over a physically inaccessible path. The effecting of thedescribed performance ot the recording mechanism oil the integrator,Which is, moreover7 effected Without reference to the tracing mechanismas far as the interior of the body is concerned, `is a very importantfeature of the invention.

Another important feature of the invention resides in making' separatedetermina tions or measurements relative to distinctparts ot' aninaccessible space characteristic oit' a body the measurement or.' whichis desired, and then combining' the measurements or' the parts in orderto get the required information about the Whole.

The illustrated machine eilects the planimetrical measurement of an areasuch as that or' a desired cross-section of a body as for instance alast or foot, by considering the section as divided into parts .having1a portion of their boundaries in the interior ot the body, tracing` theexterior portions of the boundary of such a part with a planimetertracing` point, `and causing the registering mechanism ot the planimeterto include in-its record the resulto't an additional movement of thetracing` point over the in ternal portions of the boundary withoutactually carrying,` the point into the interior of the body, andimportant phases of the invention consist in causing` the result of themovement of a tracing point over a delinite line of the interior of asolid or plane body to be recorded, as by the registeringl mechanism ofa planimeter, without actually carrying the point over the line, and innovel mechanism for so operatingl the recording mechanism of aplanimeter. In the illustrated machine embodiment of the invention theinternal boundaries of the parts oi' the section to be measured arestraight lines, and the measurements of the segments into which the areaof the required section is thus divided are combined to give therequired total.

ln order that the tracing; point of the planimeter or integrator mayconveniently reach all points of the periphery integrated over and inorder to avoid crossing the periphery, the present inventioncontemplates, as an important feature thereoffthat the relativepositions of the planimeter or integrator and the body shall be changedduring the traverse of the periphery by the tracing` point. In themachine shown the tracing point is moved part way about the peripheryand then the relative positions of the planimeter and section arechanged to permit the tracing point to be moved the remainder of the wayabout the periphery.

The invention, in another important aspect, thus provides for mechanicalintegrationV around, upon or within a solid body without carrying` partsof the integrator within or across the outline of the body.

The invention also contemplates the recording of the shape andpreferably of the actual size of the section measured in such manner asto be visually apparent. itin accurate reproduction of a plane sectionof a last has heretofore been obtainable only by actually cutting thelast in the plane of section, and thereby destroying it. I .accomplishthe desired result by a procedure analogous to that described above inwhich geometrica] recording functions correspondim;` to those of theplanimeter recordingv mechanism are obtained. Preferably, in themechanical embodiment of the invention, the recording device iscontrolled by the samel mechanism which controls the recording mechanismof the planimeter, and draws an outline corresponding to the exteriorand interior boundaries of a part of the section being measured.

It is desirable also in measuring some bodies, such, for instance, asthe human foot or a last, to ascertain the sectional areas at differentportions of the body. Another important feature of the invention,therefore, consists in mounting the body and the planimeter so that theymay be relatively moved to present different sectional portions` of thebody to the action of the planimeter.

Other features of the invention, in addition to those hereinbeforereferred to, will be described in connection with the accom-- panyingdrawings which show a good practical form of the invention, and then thcseveral features will be definitely set forth in the claims.

In the drawings Figure l is a perspective view of a machine e'mbodyingthe present invention.

Fig. 2 is an enlarged detached view showing the tracer and itsconnection with the tracer arm.

Fig. 3 is a view similar to Fig. 2, but showing the tracer in anotherposition.

Fig. '4c is a side elevation partly in section of the machine shown byFig. l, some of the parts ,being broken away.

Fig. 5 is a plan view of the machine.

Fig. 6 is a detached detail showing the lock and operating means for thebody support.

Fig. 7 is a diagram illustrating' the construction of a templet.

The drawings show and the following` description will set forth theinvention as used in connection with a boot or shoe last, crosssectionalareas of which are to be measured, but it will be understood that thisparticular use of the invention is for illustrative purposes only, andwhile it has special advantages in measuring` cross-sectional areas of alast, it 'may also be employed to measure the sectional areas of anybody, such as the human foot or other solid or semi-solid object. e

The frame for supporting the various parts of the machine may be of anydesired character and in the present instance of the invention consistsof a column l from which entend the arms 2 and 3. The column l and arms2 and Il afford appropriate means for sustainingthe body to be measuredand a planimeter with the associated parts, the construction being suchthat the tracer point of the planimeter may be moved over or about thesurface of the body. as will more fully appear'. the invention the arm 3is provided with a face plate 1l, Fig. l, to which are secured suitablecap pieces 5, one each side of the face plate, rorifningi` guides for avertically movable slide 6 which may be raised and lowered by anysuitable means, such as the screw 7 rotatably mounted on the slide at Sand cooperating` with a. fixed nut 9 secured to the face plate 4.Mounted in the slide (S is a shaft l0, operatively connected to thescrew 7 by suitable -gearing, such as the worm ll and worm wheel 1Q. Ahandle 'lil connected to the shaft l0 serves as a convenient means forrotating the shaft and. perforce, for raising,` or lowering the slidefor a purpose 'that will presently appear.

The slide. G serves as the support for a In the present instance of' looplauimeter and in the present instance, the top olf theslide carries aplate 14 having guidevfays 'lo' between `which is mounted the carrierlo, Fig. 1, the construction being such that the carrier 16 may be movedover the top plate llel between the guideways. Pivotally supported uponthe carrier 16 is the planimeter table 17. The pivotal connection or theplanimeter tablevl?` and carrier 16 may be variously contrived7 but inthe present instance the table 1T provided with a doivnivardlvprojecting circular flange 18, which eiurjages a correspimding opening1S) 'formed in the carrier and a plate. 2() secured to the :liange 155serres to hold the parte` in assembled relation. Ihlounted on the tablell' a locking' device lfor normally locking the plai ieter table ili'omro tative movement on the carrier 'the locking device, shown, comprisesa pin .51 passing` through a portion of the table l? o1' a art connectedthereto, and normally under the intluence ot a spring l lFig. 4.,tei'iding to maintain the end o't the pin in locking engagement with arecess 'termed in part et the carrier 1G. lifting the pin 21 fromlocking engagement `with the recess if?) in the carrier, the planinuftertable and parts coruiected thereto may be turned to one side or theother from normal operative position. rihis side vmovement ot theplanimeter tab-.le sometimes desirable in order to remove the tracer orother part ot the planimeter from interference with the movement et thebody being measured and to prevent the tracer or other part oli `theplanimeter being struck and moved by the body when its position is beingchanged.

rilhe loch 21e-3 insures that the table will be returned exactly tooriginal position.

rllhe iilaninieter table 17 is provided `with the surfaces 211 on whichrest the usual rollers 25, rigidly attached to the axle QG rotatablymounted in the trame 2T, ot the planimetcr.

i Vtrame 28 is pivoted to the trains-2 2T oi the planimet-er by verticalpivots tl at the trame tl may swing horisontally. The trame carries atacer arin tine ot the rollers ilo is geared to a disk 3) having aspherical surtace with its cenl r in the pivotal axis et the trame L28and which against a roller 31 carried by the si 'n trame said rollerbeing opeiatifel nected to the indicators 3Q and. B3 register the'reading ol the instrument. These parts oi the planime'ter and their aresociated relation are or may be as usual in this class ot' instruments,and their coustruction and operation being Well understood b vihoseskilled in the ar it is unllit 'ssary to more Alrll).Y show and describathem.

With the illustrated embodiment ot the invention, the tracing point ofthe `planimeter is movedover the surface oit the body part way aroundthe. periphery oi?y the section being nieasured and the recordingmechanism otl they planimeter is then operated in such manner as'torecord the eliiect of moving the tracing point back to the startingpoint,'the relation of the body and planimeter being then changed topermit a repetition or" the operation upon another part of thesectionbeino' measured. in the use 01"' the machine shown the section isdivided by a single straight line into two approximately equal parts,and therefore tivo such operations complete the measurement ot onesection of the body and the sum oi" the tufo areas as registered bytheplanimeter gives the entire area oit that section. .lt at the time thetracer is moved about the body, a marker be associated with it -forcorresponding movement their `there rs'ili be formed a geometric ligureconforming with the surface contour of the section. To make clear theseand other features of the invention, it is convenient at this time todescribe the support `for the body or last, sections ot which are to bemeasured, and the manner of establishing the base lines on the surfaceof the body or last from one to the other o1 which the tra-cer ismovable oa'er the sur face ot the body or last.

Supported on the trame olf the machine for rotative movement in a planeparallel to the plane ot the planimeter, is the support for the body.Which, in the present illustrated use oil the invention, is a last B.The support comprises a base 35i. having a portion 25, Which may ifdesired, project into the column 1 and be provided with `gear teeth foroperativeengagement with the teeth of a gear 38 secured to the shaft 37.A handle S8 secured to the shaft 3T serves as a convenient means ofturning the support and the last thereon, when the position ot the lastis to be changed to present another portion of its surface to the actionof the tracer. ln order to lock the support in adjusted position, aV'flange 39 connected thereto is provided with locking notches .torengagement by a. locking pin. These notches Lit), only one ot' which isshown in Fig. 6, may be conveniently located 1800 apart, so that whenone halt' of the section oit the last has been measured` the support maybe turned to present the other halt 'to the action of the tracer, rilhelocking pin 41 may conveniently be guided by asuitable recess in a hoodr-part ot which in the present instance ot the. invention surrounds thebase portion ot the support, and is secured to the traine by suitablemeans, such as the screw t spring L111: normally acts to force thelocking pin into locking` engagement With one et the notches e0. and ahandle 15 pivoted at 46 and projecting through a. slot of Cir Aably thehood` 42, serves to disengage the locking pin from the notch when thesupport is to be turned.

Rising` from the base 34 are the flanges or webs 47 and 4S between whichis pivotally mounted at 4:9 a work table 50 by which the body to bemeasured is supported. Suitconnected to the work table are positioning;devices for determining the position of the body with respect to thetable. Where the body to be measured is a last, the positioninp; devicesare `such as to engage 'opposite portions of the last and by theiradjustment move the clamped portion of the last longitudinally of thework table. ln the present instance of the invention the table 50 isprovided with guides 51 in which are movable' the flanges 52 of theclamps and vl- Each of the clamps and 54e has connected to it anadjusting; screw 55, preferably threaded into the clamp and held fromlongitudinal movement by a bearing between two collars fast to eachscrew, ll l, the construction being; such that by means of the milledheads 5?' the screws may be turned to clamp the last upon the table inany desired position.

y lWhere sectional areas of a last are to loe measured, it is desirablethat the last be held in fixed position for the action of the planimetertracer, and yet that the last be permitted movement about an aXissubstantially at' right angles to the plane of the planimeter, or thepath of the tracer as it is moved about the last. To this end it isfound expedient to not only clamp the last upon the table, but also tosupport that por. tion of the last remote from the table, or asindicated in Fig. l, the toe portion of the last. Risingfrom Athe arm 2is the standard 58 on which is adiusta-bly mounted the arm 59, a setscrew 6() being preferably employed to hold the arm 59 in any adjustedposition. Vlhreaded through the end portion of the arm 59 i. theadiustinpg screw Gl the lower end portion of which is swiveledin a hubG2 preferably directly above the pivotal airis of the support projectingfrom the toe block (S3. and provided with a toe embracing portion theconstruction beingrsuch that while the toe block G3 will. serve to holdthe toe portion of the last in fixed position, it vill permit the bloclrto swivel about or turn around relative to the screw 6 1. to therebypermit the last B to move with the work table as the latteris turned topresent another portion of the last to the treatment of the planimeter,as hereinbefore described.

ln measuring; cross sectional areas of a last` it is desirable toposition 'the last with the tread surface of the sole thereof in a planesubstantially at right angles to the plane of the planimeter or tracermovement. The toe portion of the last being fixed by the toe block, theheel portion of the last as Vslide 7l, preferably indicated in Fig. lmay be adjusted back and forth along the table to bring the treadsurface of the last into the desired glane. @wing to differences inlasts, it is sometimes necessary to tilt the supportinp,h table in orderto bring' the tread surface of the last into `the desired plane, and forthis purpose there is projecting from the under portion of the table aflange G5, having a slot 6G which maybe engaged by the c'lanipiing; endof a set screw Gl mounted in one of the flanges rising from the base Seof the work support. Gbviously by the loosening the set screw 67 theinclination of the table may be varied as found necessary. lnstead of using the set screw adiustn'icnt just described andas illustratedin Figs.l anl any appropriate adjusting` means for rcfulating the tilt of theworlr table be employed.

Having positioned the last with its tread surface in the desired plane,the present invention contemplates that there shall be placed uponopposite portions of the last surface a base line to indicate thestarting` and stopping point'of the tracer as it is moved over thesurface and about a. partof the last. ln the pesent instance of theinvention the standard is provided with a plane surface 68, over whichis movable a base line marker. ils illustrated in Fig. l, the base linemarlre comprises a sleeve portion 69 movable longitudinally of thestandard 58 and guided by the plane surface GS `thereof. The sleeve 69is provided with a dove- 'tail projection 70 which is engaged by aformed as part of an arm l2 projecting therefrom. For convenience ofmanufacture and for Clar-imei.;` the arm 72 in any desired position ofadjustment, the slide 7l may be formed of two members, as indicatedscrew 73 may be employed for holding,- the members upon. the 'dove-tailprojection 70. Ubviouf'ly the adjustment of the arm 72 transversely oithe standard 58 may be variously effected, but the constructiondescrilied in Fig. l, and a Ahas been found to be a .Good practicalforni of this feature of the invention.

The arm T2 carries in its end portion a marker Tel, preferably locatedin the vertical plane passing,V throuojh the, pivotal axis of the hub 62and of tie support 34. and parallel to the surface G8, the pointed endof which is adapted 'to be moved with the sleeve 69 in parallel relationto the plane surface 68 ofthe standard 5S and produce upon the surfaceof the last the base line 7 By moving the marker Tet to one side andturningv the last 180o, the base line 75 may be continued over thearched or upper surface of the last as will 'be readily understood.

The tracer arm 29 has secured thereto lugs 7G, Figs. 2 and 3 to which ispivoted at 7T the tracer carrier 78, the construction beingy such thatwhen desired the tracer may llfifi be moved from the position indicatedin Fig. 2 to an inoperative position as indicated in Fig. 3, in orderthat the last or other body, the sectional area oft' which is beingmeasured. may be turned with respect to the planimeter to presentanother portion ot the last or body to the action ot' the tracer Withoutdisturbing the position ot the planimeter,

In order to hold the tracer in itam-tive or operative position a lool:is provided. In the present form oi the invention this lock comprises atongue 79 pivoted at S0 to the lugs 76, and the tracer carrier 78 hassecured thereto b y a suitable means such asthe screw 8l' an abutment orshoulder 82, adapted when lthe locking` tongue 79 is` turned intolocking position to engage the abutment or shoulder 82 and hold thetracer in its active or operative position as indicatedin F 2. lidesired a small hand piece 83 may be secured to the locking' tongue 79by which to conveniently operate it.

rllhe tracer point 84:, Figs. l, 2 and 3 is .normally in axial alinementwith the tracer arm 29, and inasmuch as the tracer point 84 mustmaintain a non-tangential bearing rela-tion to the surface of the lastover Which it is moved, regardless of the changing contour thereof, thetracer 8? is oiiset between the tracer point and the tracer arm 29 andis mounted for movement about rthe axis passing through the tracer arm29 and tracer point 84. In the present instance of the invention, thetracer carrier 78 is provided with an extended poi-tionen Which isloosely mounted the sleeve S5 of the tracer Si'. said lsleeve being;held in position on the carrier T8 by suitable means sach as screwv 86.The deflection of the tracer between the tracer arm and the tracer point8,4- may be variouslycontrived, but, in the present instance oit theinvention, the tracer ST projects laterally Jfrom the sleeve 85 and iscurved or bowed to position the tracer point Sel; in alinement With theaxis oit the tracer arm 29, the constructionbeing such that as thetracer point Sil ot the tracer is moved over the irregular surtace oithe last the tracer may beswnngv about the axis ot' the tracer arm toinsure proper bearing ot' the tracer point uponthe surface ot the last.l

In measuring the area ot a section oit the body. such as a last as.indicated in the drawings7 the point Sel.- ot the tracer is placed onthe base line in the plane of section. as indicated in Fig'. l. and theindicators $5-, 33 are read or moved to zero. The tracer point ttl isthen moved in the plane ot section trom thebz :e lino T5 at onepart ofthe last. about that surface oit the last which is presented to theplanimeter until it reaches the base line on the opposite surface of thelast. lin inaking the traversing movement over the surface of the last,the tracer'S? Will be-svung about the anis passing through the tracerarm and tracer point as thc latter passes about the edge of the lastjoining the top and tread surfaces et the last in order topreserve aproper bearingvrelation of` the tracer point with respect to the surfaceof the last over vvhich it is being moved. ln order to complete themeasurement of a hall'l portion ot the section under consideration Ihave provided in the illustrated machine means for causing therecording' mechanism to record the etllect of a movement-ot' thetracingpoint in a straight line bach to the point olf beginning afterwhich it lmay be read. The difference of the readings oit the planimeterwill thereupon indicate the area of the halt portion of the sectionbonnded by this straight line and the curve traversed by the tracingpoint. During` the movement of the recording` mechanism corresponding tothe rectilinear part oi"I the boundary, the tracer carryingmechanismalso returns to its starting position, in accordance with animpor tant feature oit the invention, In the machine shown the movementot the recordingV mechanism is due to the controlled more mentot thetracer carrying iinechanism, as will appear.

The mechanism tor accomplishing` the above described objects will nov.'be explained. The planimeter table 7 is provided with a guideivay 8S inwhich is mounted a block 89 carrying a Atemplet or guide 9() againstwhich may bear the rearwardly cx tending end portion 91 ot' the tracercarrying` planimeter arm to direct the movement of the tracer carryingmeclianisin back to initial positions as hereinbetore described.

The extended end portion 91, of the tracer arm carries a. pin orroller9r2` and to determine empirically the shape o'l the templet 90,-the tracer point 8st may be placed against a` horizontal straight edgeparallel to the surtace 68 and moved along he same. As it thus moved.the pin or rol er 92v .vill generate a curved line and on this the shapeot the 'teniplet 90 is determinedv sothat when. in the use of theinstrumen@ the pin or roller 92 is moved along the curve ot the templetit will direct the movement of the tracer point in a straight lineparallel lto the surface (3S. The dimensions ott `the templet majT alsobe computed l'trom the constants of the planimeter. lt a be the distanceof the pivot ol" the trame to the tracer point 8%-, and o be thedistance trom this pivot to the eHective end point oithe arm 91. theabscissa ot the teinplet curve requisite to guide the etectire end pointof the arm 91 Will be o sin @,.andits ordinate will be' (a-HJ) t lfcos(d) t@ being' the angle between the arm 91 and the perpendicular to thesurface 68, the ordinate being `measiiirf-d toward the lastA B, and theorigin being taken at the middle point of the templet. Fece Fig. "l".The' templet curve is, therefore, an ellipse with its center in theaxisv at 62 and with semi axes b and L-l-b.

In the present form of the invention the templet 90 is carried by theblock 89 which may be secured in adjusted position in the guide-Way 88by a thumb screw. Stops 923 and 94 are secured to the templet 90, andmay be held in adjusted position by suitable set screws, as indicated inFig. 1. This position will always be the same relative to the' lastholdin@` mechanism, but may vary on the table 1)? due to adjustment oi'the table in the guidevvays 15. The position olf the templet correspondsto movement of the tracer point 84 in the plane containing the baselines 75. Vhen the tracer point 84 is placed upon the ybase line '75,the templet 90 is moved up to this position7 thus bringing the pin orroller 92 in contact therewith, and one of the stops is then brought upto the pin or roller 92 as indicated in Fig. 1, and secured in position.The teinplet is then moved away from the end of the tracer arm, and thetracer point is moved about the last until it reaches the base line '75on the other surface oi the last. The templet 90 is again moved into thesame position and into contact With the pin or roller 92 and the otherstop is brought into-bearing relationwvith the pin or roller 92. Theteinplet with its tivo stops When placed in position will accordinglyguide the pin or roller 92 in such manner as to cause the tracing pointto move in a straight line in the plane of section from one base line?T5 to the other. The recording mechanism ot the planimeter ivill at thesame time record eX- actly as if the tracing point were actually movingalong the straight line in question.

The machine may then be used asft'ollovfs: The tracer point 84: vvill beplaced on a base line and the recording scales read. The point will thenbe moved around half the periphery of the last as described above untilit reaches the other baseline 7 5 on the other side ot the last. Thetemplet 90 is then moved to its operative position, in Which the pin 92Will be in contact With the templet and with a stop 93 or 94, previouslyadjusted as described. The tracer is then unlocked and turned intotheposition indicated by Fig. 3 and the pin or roller 92 is moved along thetemplet betvveen the tivo stops 93 and 9K1-, the result being that thetracer carrying mechanism vvill be moved back to initial position. lnorder to complete the measurement of the section of the last, the lastsupporting means. hereinbefore described, is turned 180o, during whichmovement of the last the tracer will be turned to its inoperativeposition as indicated in Fig. 3, or the planimeter will be Withdrawn inlorder that the last may not strilre the tracer point. The last 'being`non' in position presenting the complemental porcameo tion of thesection to the action of the tracer point, the latte-r is turned tooperative position again and the entire operation or adjusting the stops95, 9-1 and measuring the complemental half section is performed just itwill be evident Without further discussion that Vthese operations may beperformed on a human toot by supporting it similarly to the lastillustrated. .In measuring the human foot or a last, sectional areasshould be taken at a number of points along the length of the foot orlast. The number or' t iese sections may,oi1 course, vary, but they willbe suliicient to enable an accurate knowledge oi thesectional areathroughout the Jfoot or the last to be known. In Fig. 1. the last isshown as provided with dotted lines, a, b, c, d, and e, each or' whichis intended to represent a section taken through the last. li a numberor sections be taken of the human ioot, and a last made from suchmeasurements, and then the last be placed in vthe inachine and the areaof corresponding sections be talen of the last, the area of the sectionsof the 'foot and the area of the sections of the last should correspond.It they do not the last may readily be corrected. To permit the seriesof sectional areas u, Z), c, d, and e, to be. taken it is necessaryafter each operation of the tracer point to relatively move the body andthe planiineter to present successively the various parts ot the body atwhich the cross sections are to be taken, and in order that the sectionsof thel human foot and the last made from the measurements thereol" maycorrespond in their location it is desirable to provide some means forgaging the relative position et the body being measured and theplanimeter. To this end, in the present instance of the invention, ascale is provided to indicate the positionv of thc planimeter table andperforce of the plane .ot moven'ient ot the tracer point 84- This scalemay ne variously contrived and conveniently located. but. in theillustrated i'orin o: the invention` the scale 112" is sociated With thebearing 113 projectingl 'irom the slide 6 4over Which a pointerconnected with the shaft 10 may move and indicate the position of thetable as the shaft is turned.

instead of taking the sectional areas of the `toot andlast in parallelplanes as indicated in Fig. 1, it is obvious that the foot or All)analyse last, or both may be positioned on the Work supporting table sothat the section passed through either and measured by the planimetermay be diagonally disposed ivith reference to the tread surface ot thelast. Such measurements frequently are desirable about the shank andover the instep.

dln important feature ot the invention relates to the production oi"diagrammatic representation oi' the outline ot the section the arealmeasurement ot which has been described. bis is `trequently requiredWhere templets are to be made representing cross Sections ot the last orother body. ln the4 present instance ot the invention the planimetertable 17 has projecting` from one side thereof the arm or trame 96 onwhich a piece ot paper may be pla-ced. ln orderl to represent upon thepaper 98 placed on the table 97, the outline ot' the 2geometric figureformed by the intersection ot the plane ot section With the surface oitthe body, the planimeter arm has pivotally connected therewith at 99 anarm 100, the opposite end of which is pivotally connected at 101 toscribing arm 102. rThe scribing` arm 102 is pivotally connected at 103to an army 1011 eutending rigidly from the 'trame 27 of the planimeteron the line ot its pivotal connection with the trame 28 of theplanime'ter. The distance `from 103 to the pivotal axis Ot the trames27, 28 is equal to the length oit the arm 100. and the distance from 99to the said pivotal axis is equal to the distance trom 101 to 103. Thetree end ot the scribinnarm 102 is provided With a rest- 105, Fig. 1`which may normally support the scribing` arm 102 as it is moved over thesurtace ot the paper 98 on the scribing;` table 97. verticallyadjustably mounted in the end ot' the scribing arm 102 the marker orpencil G, Fig. 1. he etleetive length ot' the arm 102 is prelerabl)7equal to the distance from the pivotal axis ot the trames 27, 28 to thetracing` point 81. The structure described therefore forms a pantagraphwith a reproduction ratio ot' unity. The construction may be altered toproduce other ratios it desired. As the tracer point 8st moves about thebody being measured, the pencil scribes or marks upon the surtace oft'the paper the `geometric ligure produced by the movement ot' the tracerpoint about the surtace ot the body. This is represented at 107. Fig. 1.wherein the ligure on the paper represents that the tracer point 81C hasmoved from the top portion ot the last over the surface thereot to thebase line 75 ou the tread surface of the last. lllhen the tracer isturned into inoperative position, as represented in Fig'. 3, and itscarrying; mechanism is moved back to its initial position, as hereinbetore described. the marker or pencil 106 Will move in a straight lineJfrom its position indicated in Fig. 1, to complete and thecorresponding` outline on an unused part ot the paper and the tvo halfoutlines may be cutout and placed together in proper relative position.It the paper is not moved, the tivo half diagrams will be superposed, asshown in Fig. 5.

The diagrams described may be used to avoid the necessity ot setting,the stops 93, 911. The tracing point may be moved :troni one base lineto the other around the last and the templet then advanced to operativeposition. Duringthe movement of the tracing point` the marker will havegenerated the outline passed over upon the paper. The movement ot' thepin or roller 92 on the teniplet Will guide the marker in a straightline from the latter end ot its described path `towardthe other` and themovement ot the instrument can` be stopped at the instant that themarker reaches its initial position. T he recordingY mechanism of theplanimeter will record as before. rlhe use ot the stops makes theoperation somewhat more positive and reliable as it avoids the vitiationot' the results by any chance disturbance of the planimeter ,during theturning of the tracer 87 intoinoperative position.

Suitable means should be provided to hold the paper 98 flat upon thescribing table 97. ln the present instance ot' the invention the arm 96has a spring plate 108 secured thereto which may be lilted at times fromits normal position indicated in Fig. 1 by a handle 109 to permit theedge ot the paper 98 to be placed beneath the spring plate, theconstruction being such that when the spring plate is returned to itsnormal position it Will hold one edge ot the paper, the other edge ofthe paper may be held to the scribing table by means of a yoke 110pivoted at 111 to the side portions oit the scribing table.

The mode of operation in ascertaining the sectional area of a rbodysustained upon the Work table or support has been sutliciently set forthin connection with the detailed description, and it Will be apparent.that areas ot sections` either ofthe human toot or a last, or indeed anybody may be readily ascertained, as Well also as the linear distanceabout the body.

llilhile l have described my invention in connection With themeasurement ot the areas ol plane cross sections of solid bodies, l donot intend that the scope ot the appended claims yshall be limited inthat manner. ly intend that 'the discussions ot measurements hereinaftershall not be limited to the illustrative applications but shall beinterpreted broadly to mean the quantitative determination oi.l anygeometrical,

llA

, carrying mechanism to initial position by a fill movementcorresponding to a movement of the trac-ing point in a straight line toinitial position, then moving the tracer between the two points over theother side of the last, and returning,v the carrying mechanism toinitial position as before.

2. ln a machine of the character described,

the combination of a support for holding a body an inaccessiblesectional area of which is to be measured, a planimeter having a.tracer, means for supporting the planimeter with the tracer movable inthe plane of section abo-ut the surface of the body while in contacttherewith, means constructed and arranged relatively to present thesection periphery and the planimeter tracer to permit the tracer totraverse all parts of the periphery, and means for obtaining the areaofthe section from a traverse of the tracer over the periphery.

In a machine of the character described, the combination of a supportfor holding a body the sectional area of which isv to be measured, aplanimcter having, atracer, and means for relatively supporting theplanimcter and the tracer to permit movement ofv the tracer in the planeof section about the surface of the body while in contactftherewith andmeans movable with the tracer for scribingthe entire outline of thesection.

hrl. ln a. machine of the character described, the combination of asupport for holding a body the sectional area of which is to bemeasured, a planimeter having a tracer movable over the surface of thebody in the plane of section while in contact with the body, and meansfor guiding the tracer carrying mechanism in avmovement corresponding toa movement otthe tracer in a straight line to initial position afterhaving been moved over a portion of the surface of the body.

In a machine ofthe character described, the combination of a support forholding a body the sectional area of which is to be measured, aplanimeter having a tracer mov able over the surface of the body in theplane of section while in contact with the body and means for relativelyadjusting the body and planimeter to determine the angle of the plane.

6. ln a machine of the character described, the combination of a supportfor holding a -of the tracer about the body the sectional area of whichis to be measured, a planimeter having a tracer movable over the surfaceof the body while in contact therewith, and means for adjusting the bodyrelative to the plane ot' movement body for determining the angle of theplane of section through the body.

7. ln machine of the character described, the combination of a supportfor holding a body the sectional area of which is to be measured7 aplanimeter having a tracer movable over the surface of the body while incontact therewith, means for adjusting the body relative to the plane ofmovement of the tracer about the body for determining the angle of theplane of section through the body, and means for guiding the tracer toinitial position after having been moved about a port-ion of the body.

8. ln a machine ofthe character described, the combinationof a supportfor a body the sectional area of which is to be measured, a planimeterhaving an arm, a tracer connected to the arm and movable over thesurface of the body while in contact therewith, and means acting uponthe tracer arm to insure move-ment of a point normally at the endthereof in a straight line in returning the tracer to initial position.

9. In a machine of the character described, the combination of'a supportfor a body the sectional area of which is to be measured, a planimet-erhaving an arm, a tracer connected to the arm and movable over thesurface of the body while in contact therewith, and means acting uponthe tracer arm lto insure movement thereof to initial position and ascribing device movable with the tracer arm to graphically represent thepath of thel operative position of the tracer.

10. In a machine of the character described. the combination of asupport for a body the sectional area of which is to be measured, aplanimeter having' a tracer, means for supporting the planimeter withthe tracer movable in the plane of section about the body while incontact therewith, and means for relatively moving` the planimeter andbody to present another section of the body for measurement.

ll. In a machine of the character described, the combination oi" asupport for holding a. body the sectional area of which is to bemeasured, a planimeter having a tracer constructed and arranged formovement over the surface of the body in the plane of section. and meansfor relatively shifting the position of the planimeter and body topresent the tracer to measure the area of another section of the body.

12. ln a machine of the character described, the combination of asupport for holding a body the sectional area of which is to bemeasured, a planimeter having a tracer constructed and arranged `formovement over the surface ot the body, a. support for the planimeter,and means ior changing the position ot the body that the tracer mayactin the plane of section completely around the body. y

13. In a` machine ot the character described, the combination oi asupport for a body the arca of av section of which is to be measured, aplanimeter having a tracer arm, a tracer movable about the surface ofthe body While in contact therewith, and con nections between the tracerarm and tracer permitting the tracer to be moved relatively to the armWhile niaintaining undisturbed the relation between the arm and theoperativey position of the point oi the tracer.

14. In a machine of the character described, the combination ot asupport for holding a body the sectional area of which is to bemeasured, a planimeter, having a tracer arm, a tracer having adelectedportion and a point and movable about the body in the planeotfsection while the point is in contact With the body, and connectionsbetween the tracer arm and tracer permitting the tracer to be movedrelatively to the arm While` maintaining the point oit the tracer inundisturbed bearing upon the surface of the body. y

15. In a machine ot the character described, the ycombination of asupport for holding a bodyin'iixed position, a planimeter having` atracer movable about a portion of the body While in contactthereivitlnjand means forshifting the support to present an oppositeportion of vthe body to the action ofthe tracer.

1G. In a machine of the character described, the combination ot asupport. for

'holding a body thel sectional are-a of which is to be measured, aplanimeter havinga tracer movable about a portion of the body in theplane of section While in contact `ivith the body, means for guiding`the planimetcr in a movement corresponding to integration over astraight line to return the tracer to initial position after havingrbeen moved part-Way around thc body, and means for presenting thecomplemental portion ot the body to the action of the tracer tocomple-te the sectional measurement. y

17. ln a machine of the character described, the combination of asupport for holding arb'ody the sectional area of Which [to be measured,a planimeter having a tracer movable about a portion of the body in theplane ot section. while in contact with the body, la cainfor guiding theplanimeter in a movement corresponding to integration over a 'straightline to return thev tracer to initial p'ositionafter f having been "nioved part-way around the body, means for presenting the complementalportion oi. the

able with the tracelr to graphically represent the yfigure correspondingto the planimeter n'iovements. i y

18. A planimeter cmnprising, in combination, a. tracer arm, and a tracerconnected thereto and havingthe portion betweenthe tracer point andtracer arm deflected out of the straight line connecting the tracerpoint and tracer arm and having a pivoted connection `with the tracerarm whereby the tracer point may be swung out ot operative position.

19. In a machine of the character described, the combination oit asupport for holding a body the sectional area oft which is to bemeasured, a lilaninieter having a tracer bar carrying a tracer movableover `thc surface ot the body in the plane ot section. a scriberconnected to the tracer bar, and means comprising` a cam 'for directingthe movement oit 'the' scriber in a straight line to initial positionafter the tracer has been moved part Way about the body.

20, In a machine` ot the character described, the combination of asupport for holding a body sectional areas of which are to be measured,a planimeter having a tracer movable about thebody in the plane ofsection While in contact With the surface of the body, and means forrelatively moving the body and planimeter to measure the areas ofsections through differenti portions ot the body, and means fordetermining the position oi the sections that corresponding sections maybe taken through diiferent bodies.

21. 1n a machine ot the character described, the combination ot' asupport for holding a body the sectional area of which is to bemeasured, a planimeter having a `tracer bar and having a tracer pointmovable about the body While in contact vith the surface thereof, meansfor turniim` the support to present a complemental portion ot the bodyin the planeet section tonthc tracer, and means for guidingthe tracerbar in a predetermined pathy as it ismoved to carry the tracer back 4toinitial positi'm.,`

22. A machine for measuring sectional arcas or a solid body, comprising.in `cornbination, a planimeter having a trat-ermorabl@ about the `solidbody ivhile in contact with the surface thereof. and a support forholding the body with a part thereoiI passing through the plane of rtheplanimeter.

23. A. machine for measuring sectional areas ot a body, comprising, incombination. a planimeter havinga tracer movable about the body in theplane of the. desired sejtion measurement, a support 'for holding thebody with the part thereof tobe measured] located in the piane ofsection, and ni )tor establishing baselines on the body for indicatingthe initial and final positions of the tracer as it is moved about thebody.

24. A machine for measuring sectional areas of a body, comprising, incombination, a planimeter having a tracer movable about the body in theplane of the desired section measurement, a support for holding the bodywith the part thereof to be measured located in the plane of section,means for establishing base lines on the body for indicating the initialand final positions of the tracer as it is moved about the body and ascriber movable with the tracer to graphically represent the contour ofthe body traversed by the tracer between the base lines.

25. A machine for measuring sectional areas of a body, comprising, incombination, a planimeter having a tracer movable about the body in theplane of the desired section measurement, a support for holding the bodywith the part thereof to be measured located in the plane of section,means about the body, a contact point on the tracer, and a cam havingthe outline traced by the contact point as the tracer moves in apredetermined path about the body and means for guiding the tracer in apredetermined path as it is returned to initial position. i

26. A machine for measuring sectional areas of a body', comprising, incombination, a planinieter having a tracer arm, a tracer mounted foi`movement about the body in the plane of section and connected to thetracer arm, and a guide for directing the movement of the tracer arm andtracer when they are returned to initial position.

27. In a machine for measuring sectional areas of bodies, thecombination of a planimeter having a tracer arm, a tracer connectedthereto and movable about the body while in contact with the surfacethereof, a guide for directing the movement of the tracer arm when thetracer is to be moved to initial position, and means for permitting theguide to be moved to and from operative position.

28. In a machine for measuring sectional areas of bodies,tliecombination of a planiineter having a tracer arm, a' tracer connectedthereto and movable about the body while in contact with the surfacethereof, a guide for directing the movement of the tracer arm when thetracer is to be returned to initial position, and a stop for limiting`the movement of the tracer arm.

29. In a machine for measuring sectional areas of bodies, thecombination of a planinieter having a tracing arm, a tracer connected tothe arm andmovable about the surface of the body and a'teniplet having a,guiding portion to direct the movement of the tracer arm when thetracer is returned to initial position.. A,

30. In a machine for measuring sectional areas of bod1es,tliecombination of a planimeter having a tracing arm, a tracer connected tothe arm and movable about the surface of the body and a templet having aguiding portion to direct the movement of the tracer arm when the traceris returned to initial position, and stops for limiting the movement ofthe tracer arm.

3l. In a machine for measuring sectional areas of bodies,the combinationof a planinieter having a tracer arm, a tracer having a tracer pointmovable about the body while in contact with the surface thereof, andconnections .between the tracer and tracer arm permitting movement ofthe tracer from operative position without disturbance of theregistering'meehanism, and constructed and arranged to preserve thenecessary operative adjustment to permit the tracer to be replaced inoperative position.

V32. In a machine for measuring sectional areas of bodies, a tracer arm,and a tracer having a tracing point in axial alinement with the tracerarm, and a deflected portion between the point and tracer arm, andhaving a connection with .the tracer arm whereby the tracing point maybe moved out of operative position and when returned thereto. will beautomatically' positioned in operative relation while preserving theoperative relations of other parts of the machine.

33. In a machine for measuring sectional areas of bodies, a tracer arm,and a tracer having a tracing point in axial alinement with the tracerarm, and a portion extending to one side of the line joining the tracerpoint and tracer arm, and a pivotal joint between the tracer arm` andthe tracer whereby the tracer may be moved out of operative position,said connection being constructed and arranged to preserve the operativerelation of the other parts of the machine and to insure the replacementof the tracing point in proper operative adjustment.

34e. In a machine for measuring sectional areas of bodies, a tracer arm,a ltracer having a tracer point in axial alinementy with `the tracerarm, and connections between the tracer and tracer arm permitting thetracer point to be moved out of axial alinement with thetracer armwithout loss of adjustment.

In a machine for measuring sectional areas ofbodies, a tracer arm, atracer having a tracer point in 'axial alinement with the tracer arm,and connections beween the tracer and tracer armperniitting the tracerpoint vto be moved out of axial alinement with the tracer arm, and aloclr for holding the tracer point in axial alinement with the tracerarm.

result of carrying the 36. In a machine ot the character described, thecombination ot a. planimeter having a tracer, a support for holding oneportion of the body the sectional alea of which is to be measured, anda: swivelmg support for engaging another portion ot the body that theholding` support may be turned to present different portions ot the bodyto the field of operation of the tracer.

37. In a machine :for measuring sectional areas ol a last` thecombination of a table, means for clamping the heel end of the last tosaidy table. a freely rotatable toe block for holdingi` the toe end otthe last, a plaiiimeter haviuga tracer movable about the lastwhile inContact with the surface thereof, means tor rotating the table that thelast may be turned to present either side ot the last in the iield ofaction ott the trac-er, and a scriber for establishing base lines on thelast, arranged to move in a planecontainine` the axis ol" rotation olthe table.

38. ln a machine for measuring sectional areas oi a body, means i'orsupporting the body in fixed position, al planimeter support, aplanimeter table inountedfor movement on said support and having atracer movable about the body While in contact therewith, and means forlocking the planimeter table from movement on the support.

39. That improvement in theart of measuring bodies which consists incarrying the tracing mechanism of an integrator over the externalportion ot' a partially internal fea.- ture of the body which it isdesired to measurc, and causing the registering mechanism ot theintegrator to include in its record the result oi carrying the tracing'mechanism over the internal portion of the icature to be measured.

40. That improvement in the art of measuring bodies which. consists incarrying the tracing mechanism oft an integrator 'over the externalportion of a partially inaccessible feature of the body which it isdesired to measure, and causingthe registering mechanism ot theintegrator to include in its record the result ol carrying the tracingmechanism over the internal portion of the feature to be measuredWithout actually carrying the tracing mechanism Within the body.

4l. That improvement the art o t measuring bodies which consists incarrying the tracing mechanism oi'1 an integrator over the externalportion of an internal feature oi the body vhicb it is desired tomeasure. and 'ausing the registeringmechanism of the integrator toinclude in its record the tracing` mechanism over the internal portionof the feature to kbe measured Without actually carrying the 42. That.improvement-in the' art of meastrI ing mechanism over the inaccessibleprliifliich consist :ita

uring bodies which consists in carrying the tracing point of aplanimeter around the external boundary of a part of an intermediatecross-section of the body, and causing the registering mechanism oi theplanimeter to include in its record the result of cross-section, Withoutactually carrying the y tracing` point Within the body.

44. Thatimprovement in the art of measuring bodies which consists incarrying the tracing point of a planimeter around the external boundaryof dialte cross-section of the body, and causing the `registeringmechanism ot the planimeter to include in its record the result of anadditional. mcvementot the tracing a part ot an intermepoint over theinternal boundary of the part ,i

of the cross-section, Without actually carrying the tracing point overthe said internal boundary. i

4 5. That improvement in the art of measuring characteristic propertiesof cross-k sections `-of solid bodies Which consists in establishingsub-divisions on the periphery of an inaccessible cross section of thebody a characteristic property or' which it is desired to measure,making separate integrator measurements by tracing over thesub-divisions and combining the results ot the separate measurements.

16. That in'iprovement in the art of measuring bodies which consists inLestablishinir .terminal points on the surface of the body integratingmechanically between these points over the surface of the body andcompleting the mechanical record the integra; tion by combiningtherewith the result coi'- responding to an integration through the bodybetween the points.

e7. That improvement in the art ol measuringfloodies which consistsinestablishing terminal points on an vinterredcharacteristic to bemeasured, integrating mechanically between the-points over apart of thecharacteristic, 4relz'iftirely moving theintegrator and the` bodytopermit access to the remaining portion. oit' the characteristic andagain integrating betiife'en the points over said Ilast-named portion.

48. That improvement in tlieart oi". measuring inacc ssiblecharacteristics otbotlies e" the .i iaractery. .1 i' 'i3'. i. ..1 ist-1cwhich it is'desired to measure as Vdiiso vided into parts, makingintegrator incas urements oy contact with the ac :essible portions of apart, causing tne registering mechanism oi the integrator.' to inciudethe result incidental to Contact with the inaccessible portions oi thepart7 and combining the separate results so obtained from each or' theaarts. v

49. in a machine of thek class described, a support for the body to bemeasured, mechanism i'or locating two points oi the body, and integrating means constructed and arranged to eii'ect integration between thepoints fixed by the locating means along a `path inaccessible to theintegrating means.

50. That improvement in the art of reproducing outlines ot bodies whichconsists in guiding a marker to reproduce a portion ot the periphery otthat part ci the object whose outline is desired .lying between twopoints or the periphery and 4guiding the I marker to reproduce apredetermined line within the. object joining the two said points. 51.That improvement in the art of reproducing sections oi' bodies whichconsists in guiding a marker from a portion of' the periphery ot' theobject to reproduce that `portion or' the periphery, guiding the markerto reproduce a. predetermined line joining the ends of the said portion.and similarly generating reproductions of other partial sections whichshall iit together' along the reproduced predetermined lines to form acon plete section.

That improvement iu the art of reproducing sections of bodies whichconsists in forming reproductions or portions oi the section by guidinga marker from the external boundaries of the portions. and guid-v ing amarker toreproduce predetermined lines 'forming' the internal boundariesof the portions, such that the rernoduc-tions of the portions will iittogether 1n a whole.

5B. in a machine oi the class d escribed, an integrator having a tracerarm. having a` plurality et' contact points thereon. and a. guide forone contact point having t ie shape traced by the said point while the`other said contact point moves over a detinite path passing throughtheinterior of the body to be measured.

54. In a machine oi the class described, means orholding the body to bemeasured, an integrator` having a primary tracing point for traversing`the body, and a secondary tracing point, a tracer carrying mechanismthrough which both points are connected with the registering mechanismof the integrator. and a cam for guiding' the secondary tracing pointwhereby the registering mechanism of the integrator may be caused toregister'theresult of a traverse 0i the primary tracing point over aninconvenientlyor nona ccessible path joiningtwo accessible pointsofthe'body.-y l

in a machine of the class described, means for holding the body tobemeasured, an integrator having a primary tracing point for traversingthe body, and a secondary tracing point,.a tracer carrying mechanismthrough which both points are connected with the registering mecnanismof the integrator7 and a cam for guiding the secondary tracing pointwhereby the registering mechanism o' the integrator may be caused toregister the resultoi' a traverse oit the primary tracing point over astraight line lying in the interior of the body to be measured.

56. In a machine of the class described, means for guiding` a marker toreproduce a portion ot' the outline of a body to be measured, and meansfor guiding the marker to reproduce a predetermined line joining theends of the portion.

57. ln a machine oi the class described, means for guiding a marker toreproduce by contact with the body a portion ot' the outline of a bodyto be measured and means independent oil Contact with the body forguiding vthe marker tov reproduce a predetermined line joining the endsof the portion.

58. T hat improvement in methods of measuring cross-sectional areas ofsolid bodies which consists in presenting the body to be measured to amechanical integrator from one side and then rotating the body topresent another side in the plane of section of said body to theintegrator. the integrator beino' moved about the body each time saidbodiy is turned to present successive portions to the integrator.

59. That improvement in methods of measuring areas of cross sections ofbodies which consists in presenting a body to a mechanical integrator'and passing the tracing point of the integrator around it, alwayskeeping the tracing point between the body and the remainder oiA theintegrator whereby nov part of the integrating mechanism crosses theoutline of the body.

60.. That improvement in methods of measuring` areas oi cross sectionsot solid `bodies which consists in relatively moving the body and amechanical integrator to effect a revolution of the integratorrelatively to the body whereby the integrator may reach all sides of thebody.

v61. That improvement in methods of measuring areas ofsections oi bodieswhich consists in mechanic-ally integrating around the periphery of thesection, in successively-coterminal portions keeping all parts of theintegrator outside a cylindrical surface having the periphery asdirectrix and a perpendicular to the section as generati-in.

62. In a 'machine of the class described means for holding a body to bemeasured. a mechanical integrator comprising a feeler point constructedand arranged to follow a.

.substantial portionof the periplfreryof the body and means for rotatingthe body to present successive portions of it to the integrator wherebyintegration is e'ected around the body Without carrying any part of theintegrator within a cylinder enveloping the body and transverse to theplane ot measurement.

63. In a machine for measuring sections oi a solid body, means forholding the body, and a mechanical integrator comprising a tracing pointconstructed and arranged to measure the body by carrying the tracinglpoint around its periphery in steps Without bringing any part of theintegrator Within a cylinder enveloping the section and lying transverseto it.

(ill. In a mechanical integrator, tracing means, registering means, andmeans for operating the registering' means to register a predeterminedmovement of the tracing means independently of such actual movement bythe tracing means.

65. In a mechanical integrator, a carrier, tracing means mounted on thecarrier constructed and arranged to move the carrier as the tracingmeans traverses the path of integration, :registering` means connectedwith the carrier :for recording the result of the integration, and meansfor controlling the ca rier indepuendent of the operation of the tracingmeans to canse the movement oiE the carrier corresponding to apredetermined movement ot the tracing means.

G6. In an integrator, tracing means, a carrier for the tracing meanspivoted to the body of the integrator, a guide for the carrierconstructed and arranged to cause the movement of the carrier due to atraverse of the arm and having a shape equivalent to the path traversedby the point of engage-l ment on the arm as the tracing means traversesa predetermined line.

68. That improvement in the art of integrating over an inaccessible pathon a body which consists in moving the main tracer point of anintegrator along a line of desired shape and length, the integrator bodybeing provided with a secondary tracer point controlled by the movementsof the main tracer point, ascertaining the path simultaneously traversedby the secondary tracer mint, itcrining a cani substantially coincidingwith said path, and guiding the secondary tracing point of theintegrator from said cam to cause the main tracing' point to retrace itspath.

69. rIhat improvement in the art of constructing mechanical integratorswhich consists in moving the main tracer point of the integrator along aline of desired shape and length, .the integrator body being providedwith a secondary tracer point controlled by the movementsof the maintracer point, ascertaining the path simultaneously traversed by thesecondary tracer point, and forming a cam substantially coincident Withthel said path.

In testimony whereof I have name to this specification.

JOHN J. nnrs.

signed my Certieate or' Cerrectien.

It is hereby certied that in Letters Patent No. 1,451,730, granted April17, 1923, upon the application of John J. Heys, of Lynn` Massachusetts,for an improvement in Methods of and Machines for Measuring Bodies,errors appear in the printed specification requiring Correction asfollows: Page 4f, line 78, strike out the article the page 5, line 103,for the Word positions read position; page 3, line 17, Claim 1, beforethe Word carrying insert the Word tracer; and that the said LettersPatent should he read With these corrections therein that` the same mayconform to the record of the ease in the Patent Ofiee. A

Signed and sealed this 24th da)7 of July, A. D., 1923.v

[SEAL] WVM. A. KINNAN,

Acting @amenes/onen of Patents.

